Script

TRANSCRIPT FOR LESSON 10: SOLAR HOUSE

Hello. I’m Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation. Today we’re going to look at ways of connecting ideas. There are many ways of doing this using ‘conjunctions’, words that join. First, let’s listen to Paul Gibson, an architect, while he takes us on a tour of his new, environmentally friendly solar house.

Well we completed it about 2 years ago, and I guess one of the interesting things about it is that it’s a fibro house and most houses I guess these days are brick veneer, whereas this is fibro on the outside, timber on the outside, but there’s bricks on the inside.

Well I guess the very high windows along the north side going down to the lower ceiling height on the south basically allows you to get a lot of sun in through these windows in winter, and the louvres, which go out, actually go to a point where the sun can be shaded completely in summer, but they can be opened to let the sun right back into the house though winter.

This house actually has 2 north faces. There’s the north face of all the living rooms, 3 actually, and then the master bedroom has a north face and the other bedrooms also have a north face. So it’s trying to maximise what we call the aperture of the house, which is how much sun you actually get in winter.

OK, now we’ve listened to Paul, let’s look at the way he connected his ideas. Good communication, especially in an academic setting, is all about expressing and connecting both simple and complex ideas. There are many ways to do this. Simple sentences express a single, simple idea. The most simple sentence consists of just a ‘subject’ and a ‘verb’.

‘The door opens.’
‘The woman enters.’

The easiest way of connecting ideas is using ‘coordination’. That’s taking 2 simple sentences, and linking them with a ‘conjunction’ or joining word. The most common conjunctions are ‘and’ and ‘but’. Other common ones are ‘yet’, ‘or’, ‘for’, and ‘so’. We use the most simple conjunctions in place of a ‘full stop’.

‘The door opens.’ ‘The woman enters.’
‘The door opens and the woman enters.’

‘The door opens.’ ‘The woman doesn’t enter.’ 
‘The door opens but the woman doesn’t enter.’

Listen to an example here.

Well we completed it about 2 years ago, and I guess one of the interesting things about it is that it’s a fibro house and most houses I guess these days are brick veneer. 

It’s a fibro house and most houses are brick veneer. 
‘It is a fibro house.’
‘Most houses are brick veneer.’

These are 2 simple sentences. They can be linked together to form a longer sentence called a ‘compound sentence’. ‘It is a fibro house and most houses are brick veneer.’ Compound sentences have 2 ‘independent clauses’, 2 clauses that can be separate sentences. Here’s another one.

The ceiling height on the south basically allows you to get a lot of sun in through these windows in winter, and the louvres, which go out, actually go to a point where 
the sun can be shaded completely in summer, but they can be opened to let the sun right back into the house though winter.

He’s talking about the louvres. He joins together two sentences. 

‘The louvres go to a point where the sun can be shaded completely in summer.’
‘They can be opened to let the sun back in through winter.’

He joins these sentences together using ‘but’. Notice we use a ‘comma’ as well.

‘The louvres go to a point where the sun can be shaded completely in summer, but they can be opened to let the sun back in through winter.’

The conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘but’ can also be used to join words and phrases in lists. We separate words with ‘commas’, and then use a final ‘and’.

‘The house is made of fibro.’
‘The house is made of fibro and timber.’
‘The house is made of fibro, timber and bricks.’

Listen to this example.

Most houses I guess these days are brick veneer, whereas this is fibro on the outside, timber on the outside, but there’s bricks on the inside.

He forms one compound sentence from simple sentences.

‘The house is fibro on the outside.’ ‘It is timber on the outside.’ ‘It is bricks on the inside.’

Notice that ‘and’ is used to list similar things, ‘but’ is used to contrast different items in a list. So we could also say:

‘The house is fibro and timber on the outside, but bricks on the inside.’

OK, so that’s an introduction to ‘coordination’. Remember ‘coordination’ is ‘linking independent clauses with conjunctions’. This forms ‘compound sentences’. Another way to join ideas is using ‘subordination’. ‘Subordination’ is linking an independent clause with a dependent clause to make a complex sentence. ‘Dependent clauses’ are clauses that cannot exist separately, in separate sentences. They need or depend on each other. We can form ‘complex sentences’ in two ways.

We can use ‘relative pronouns’: who, whose, which, where; or we can use ‘conjunctions’: because or whereas. When writing or speaking, it’s important for you to practise using a variety of sentences. You’ll need to use simple, compound and complex sentences. Here’s another example.

Trying to maximise what we call the aperture of the house, which is how much sun you actually get in winter.

He uses an independent and a dependent clause here. Look at these 2 sentences.

‘They are trying to maximise the aperture of the house.’
‘The aperture of the house is how much sun you get.’

He joins these 2 sentences together with a relative pronoun. 

‘They are trying to maximise the aperture of the house, which is how much sun you get.’

Now let’s practice that. Join these simple sentences to make compound sentences using ‘coordination’. Here, try to use ‘and’ and ‘but’.

‘The master bedroom has a north face.’ ‘The other bedrooms have a north face.’
‘The master bedroom and the other bedrooms have a north face.’

‘The house is warm in winter.’ ‘The house is cool in summer.’
‘The house is warm in winter, but it’s cool in summer.’

Now let’s practice ‘subordination’. That’s making 2 sentences into one complex sentence. Try using ‘whereas’.

‘The house is warm in winter.’ ‘Most houses are cold in winter.’
‘The house is warm in winter, whereas most houses are cold in winter.’

And here’s another one. Here, try to link the sentences using ‘which’.

‘The house is made of fibro.’ ‘Fibro is a cheap, building material.’
‘The house is made of fibro, which is a cheap building material.’

You’ll need to practise forming simple, compound and complex sentences. There are many ways to do it, and many different ways of punctuating. This is very important for your written work. And that’s all for today. I’ll see you next time on Study English. Bye bye.

Dịch

LESSON 10: SOLAR HOUSE - CĂN NHÀ MẶT TRỜI

Hello. I’m Margot Politis. Welcome to Study English, IELTS preparation. Today we’re going to look at ways of connecting ideas. There are many ways of doing this using ‘conjunctions’, words that join. First, let’s listen to Paul Gibson, an architect, while he takes us on a tour of his new, environmentally friendly solar house.

Chào các bạn, tôi là Margot Politis. Chào mừng các bạn đến với chương trình Study English, IELTS preparation. Hôm nay chúng ta sẽ xem xét một số cách khác nhau để liên kết các ý. Có nhiều cách để làm điều đó, sử dụng các từ nối - các từ dùng để nối hai ý trong một câu. Trước hết, hãy nghe Paul Gibson, một kiến trúc sư, trong khi anh ta dẫn chúng ta đi thăm căn nhà mới, thân thiện với môi trường, sử dụng năng lượng mặt trời của anh ấy.

Well we completed it about 2 years ago, and I guess one of the interesting things about it is that it’s a fibro house and most houses I guess these days are brick veneer, whereas this is fibro on the outside, timber on the outside, but there’s bricks on the inside.

Well I guess the very high windows along the north side going down to the lower ceiling height on the south basically allows you to get a lot of sun in through these windows in winter, and the louvres, which go out, actually go to a point where the sun can be shaded completely in summer, but they can be opened to let the sun right back into the house though winter.

This house actually has 2 north faces. There’s the north face of all the living rooms, 3 actually, and then the master bedroom has a north face and the other bedrooms also have a north face. So it’s trying to maximise what we call the aperture of the house, which is how much sun you actually get in winter.

Vâng, chúng tôi hoàn thiện nó cách đây khoảng 2 năm, và tôi đoán chắc một trong những điều thú vị về nó là đó là một căn nhà làm bằng fibro và tôi cho rằng phần lớn những căn nhà ngày nay có tường xây bằng gạch, trong khi căn nhà này có lớp ngoài là fibro xi-măng và gỗ nhưng lớp trong bằng gạch.

Tôi tin chắc những cửa sổ rất cao chạy theo cạnh phía bắc dốc xuống tới trần nhà ở cạnh thấp phía nam về cơ bản cho phép bạn lấy được rất nhiều ánh sáng vào mùa đông thông qua các cửa sổ này, và những cái mái vẩy thò ra ngoài đến một điểm mà thực tế ánh sáng có thể bị che chắn hoàn toàn vào mùa hè, nhưng chúng có thể mở ra để cho ánh nắng đi trực tiếp vào nhà vào mùa đông.

Căn nhà này thực ra có 2 mặt bắc. Tất cả các phòng khách đều có mặt bắc, thực tế là 3 phòng, và phòng ngủ chính có một mặt bắc và những phòng ngủ khác cũng có một mặt bắc. Do vậy căn nhà cố gắng tận dụng cái mà chúng tôi gọi là độ mở của ngôi nhà, tức là bạn có được bao nhiêu ánh sáng vào mùa đông.

[ Nước Úc ở phía nam bán cầu nên hướng bắc đối với họ là hướng có nhiều ánh sáng vào mùa đông và gió mát vào mùa hè, như hướng nam ở nước ta - ND ]

OK, now we’ve listened to Paul, let’s look at the way he connected his ideas. Good communication, especially in an academic setting, is all about expressing and connecting both simple and complex ideas. There are many ways to do this. Simple sentences express a single, simple idea. The most simple sentence consists of just a ‘subject’ and a ‘verb’.

OK, chúng ta vừa nghe Paul nói. Hãy xem cách anh ta liên kết các ý. Một văn phong tốt, đặc biệt trong môi trường học thuật, là văn phong thể hiện và liên kết tốt cả những ý đơn giản lẫn những ý phức tạp. Có nhiều cách thực hiện việc này. Một câu đơn thể hiện một ý đơn giản. Phần lớn các câu đơn đều chỉ có chủ ngữ và động từ.

‘The door opens.’
‘The woman enters.’

The easiest way of connecting ideas is using ‘coordination’. That’s taking 2 simple sentences, and linking them with a ‘conjunction’ or joining word. The most common conjunctions are ‘and’ and ‘but’. Other common ones are ‘yet’, ‘or’, ‘for’, and ‘so’. We use the most simple conjunctions in place of a ‘full stop’.

Cách dễ nhất để liên kết các ý là dùng cấu trúc kết hợp. Hãy lấy 2 câu đơn và nối chúng lại bằng một từ nối. Các từ nối thông dụng là ‘and’ và ‘but’. Các từ khác cũng khá thông dụng là ‘yet’, ‘or’, ‘for’ và ‘so’. Chúng ta dùng từ nối ở chỗ có dấu chấm câu ngăn cách hai câu.

‘The door opens.’ ‘The woman enters.’
‘The door opens and the woman enters.’

‘The door opens.’ ‘The woman doesn’t enter.’ 
‘The door opens but the woman doesn’t enter.’

Listen to an example here.

Well we completed it about 2 years ago, and I guess one of the interesting things about it is that it’s a fibro house and most houses I guess these days are brick veneer. 

It’s a fibro house and most houses are brick veneer. 
‘It is a fibro house.’
‘Most houses are brick veneer.’

These are 2 simple sentences. They can be linked together to form a longer sentence called a ‘compound sentence’. ‘It is a fibro house and most houses are brick veneer.’ Compound sentences have 2 ‘independent clauses’, 2 clauses that can be separate sentences. Here’s another one.

Đây là hai câu đơn, chúng có thể được ghép lại với nhau để tạo thành một câu dài hơn gọi là câu phức hợp: ‘It is a fibro house and most houses are brick veneer.’ Câu phức hợp có hai mệnh đề độc lập, tức là hai mệnh đề có thể đứng đơn lẻ. Đây là một thí dụ khác:

The ceiling height on the south basically allows you to get a lot of sun in through these windows in winter, and the louvres, which go out, actually go to a point where 
the sun can be shaded completely in summer, but they can be opened to let the sun right back into the house though winter.

He’s talking about the louvres. He joins together two sentences. Anh ta đang nói về những mái vẩy. Anh ta ghép hai câu vào nhau:

‘The louvres go to a point where the sun can be shaded completely in summer.’
‘They can be opened to let the sun back in through winter.’

He joins these sentences together using ‘but’. Notice we use a ‘comma’ as well. Anh ta ghép hai câu, dùng từ 'but'. Chú ý rằng chúng ta sử dụng dấu phảy.

‘The louvres go to a point where the sun can be shaded completely in summer, but they can be opened to let the sun back in through winter.’

The conjunctions ‘and’ and ‘but’ can also be used to join words and phrases in lists. We separate words with ‘commas’, and then use a final ‘and’.

Từ nối 'and' và 'but' cũng có thể dùng để nối các từ và cụm từ trong một danh sách. Ta phân cách các từ bởi dấu phảy và trước từ cuối cùng thì dùng 'and'.

‘The house is made of fibro.’
‘The house is made of fibro and timber.’
‘The house is made of fibro, timber and bricks.’

Listen to this example.

Most houses I guess these days are brick veneer, whereas this is fibro on the outside, timber on the outside, but there’s bricks on the inside.

He forms one compound sentence from simple sentences. Anh ta tạo ra một câu phức hợp từ những câu đơn.

‘The house is fibro on the outside.’ ‘It is timber on the outside.’ ‘It is bricks on the inside.’

Notice that ‘and’ is used to list similar things, ‘but’ is used to contrast different items in a list. So we could also say: 

Chú ý rằng 'and' được dùng cho việc liệt kê những thứ giống nhau còn 'but' được dùng cho việc liệt kê những thứ trái ngược nhau. Do vậy chúng ta cũng có thể nói:

‘The house is fibro and timber on the outside, but bricks on the inside.’

OK, so that’s an introduction to ‘coordination’. Remember ‘coordination’ is ‘linking independent clauses with conjunctions’. This forms ‘compound sentences’. Another way to join ideas is using ‘subordination’. ‘Subordination’ is linking an independent clause with a dependent clause to make a complex sentence. ‘Dependent clauses’ are clauses that cannot exist separately, in separate sentences. They need or depend on each other. We can form ‘complex sentences’ in two ways.

OK, đó là phần giới thiệu về cấu trúc kết hợp. Nhớ rằng cấu trúc kết hợp là việc nối các mệnh đề độc lập với nhau sử dụng từ kết hợp. Điều đó tạo ra câu phức hợp. Một cách khác để liên kết ý là sử dụng cấu trúc chính-phụ. Cấu trúc chính-phụ là việc liên kết một mệnh đề độc lập với một mệnh đề phụ thuộc để tạo ra một câu phức. Mệnh đề phụ thuộc là mệnh đề không thể đứng tách riêng trong một câu độc lập. Chúng cần hoặc phụ thuộc một mệnh đề khác. Ta có thể tạo ra câu phức theo hai cách.

We can use ‘relative pronouns’: who, whose, which, where; or we can use ‘conjunctions’: because or whereas. When writing or speaking, it’s important for you to practise using a variety of sentences. You’ll need to use simple, compound and complex sentences. Here’s another example.

Ta có thể sử dụng các đại từ quan hệ như who, whose, which, where; hoặc ta cũng có thể sử dụng các từ nối như because hay whereas. Khi nói và viết, việc bạn sử dụng một cách đa dạng các cấu trúc câu là rất quan trọng. Bạn phải sử dụng cả câu đơn, câu phức và câu phức hợp. Đây là một thí dụ khác:

Trying to maximise what we call the aperture of the house, which is how much sun you actually get in winter.

He uses an independent and a dependent clause here. Look at these 2 sentences. Ở đây anh ta dùng một mệnh đề độc lập và một mệnh đề phụ thuộc:

‘They are trying to maximise the aperture of the house.’
‘The aperture of the house is how much sun you get.’

He joins these 2 sentences together with a relative pronoun. Anh ta liên kết hai câu bằng một đại từ quan hệ:

‘They are trying to maximise the aperture of the house, which is how much sun you get.’

Now let’s practice that. Join these simple sentences to make compound sentences using ‘coordination’. Here, try to use ‘and’ and ‘but’.

Bây giời hãy thực hành. Liên kết các câu đơn sau để tạo thành câu phức hợp sử dụng cấu trúc kết hợp. Hãy dùng 'and' và 'but'

‘The master bedroom has a north face.’ ‘The other bedrooms have a north face.’
‘The master bedroom and the other bedrooms have a north face.’

‘The house is warm in winter.’ ‘The house is cool in summer.’
‘The house is warm in winter, but it’s cool in summer.’

Now let’s practice ‘subordination’. That’s making 2 sentences into one complex sentence. Try using ‘whereas’.

Bây giờ thực hành cấu trúc chính-phụ, tức là liên kết 2 câu đơn thành một câu phức. Hãy dùng 'whereas'

‘The house is warm in winter.’ ‘Most houses are cold in winter.’
‘The house is warm in winter, whereas most houses are cold in winter.’

And here’s another one. Here, try to link the sentences using ‘which’.

‘The house is made of fibro.’ ‘Fibro is a cheap, building material.’
‘The house is made of fibro, which is a cheap building material.’

You’ll need to practise forming simple, compound and complex sentences. There are many ways to do it, and many different ways of punctuating. This is very important for your written work. And that’s all for today. I’ll see you next time on Study English. Bye bye.

Bạn sẽ cần phải thực hành cách tạo ra các câu đơn, câu phức hợp và câu phức. Có nhiều cách thực hiện việc đó và có nhiều cách ngắt câu. Điều đó rất quan trọng đối với văn viết của bạn. Đó là bài học hôm nay, tạm biệt.